COM Fundamentals

COM (Component Object Model) is Microsoft's binary standard for inter-component communication. It enables language-independent, location-transparent object creation and method invocation.

Core Concepts

• Interface: A contract — a set of related methods. Interfaces are immutable once published. Every COM object implements at least IUnknown (with QueryInterface, AddRef, Release).
• CLSID: A 128-bit GUID that uniquely identifies a COM class. Registered in HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\CLSID.
• ProgID: A human-readable name for a COM class (e.g., ADODB.Connection). Mapped to a CLSID in the registry.
• IDispatch: The interface for late-bound (Automation) access. VBScript and JScript use IDispatch exclusively.
• Type Library: A binary file (.tlb) describing the interfaces, methods, and properties of a COM component. Used for early binding in VB6 and C++.

Object Creation

' Late binding (uses ProgID → CLSID lookup → IDispatch)
Set obj = CreateObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject")

' Early binding in VB6 (requires reference to type library)
Dim fso As New Scripting.FileSystemObject

COM Object Lifecycle

COM uses reference counting for memory management:

1. CoCreateInstance creates the object. Reference count = 1.
2. Each assignment calls AddRef. Count goes up.
3. Setting a reference to Nothing calls Release. Count goes down.
4. When count reaches 0, the object destroys itself.

Set obj = CreateObject("ADODB.Connection")  ' Ref count = 1
Set obj2 = obj                               ' Ref count = 2
Set obj = Nothing                            ' Ref count = 1
Set obj2 = Nothing                           ' Ref count = 0, object destroyed

Threading Models